Students should take at least two elective courses per Semester.

Students should take at least two elective courses per Semester.

Students should take at least two elective courses per Semester.

NOUN-GST101:  Communication in English 1(2 Units C: LH 3O)

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this semester, students will be able to:

1. Identify possible sound patterns in the English Language.
2. List notable Language skills.
3. Classify word formation processes;
4. Construct simple and fairly complex sentences in English;
5. Apply logical and critical reasoning skills for meaningful presentations;
6. Demonstrate an appreciable level of the art of public speaking and listening; and
7. Write simple and technical reports.

Writing paragraphs: Topic, sentence, and coherence; Development of paragraphs; illustration; Description; cause and effect, including definitions; Formal letters: essential parts and stylistic forms; complaints and requests; jobs; ordering goods; letters to government and other organisations; writing reports; reporting events, experiments, writing summaries.

NOUN-GST107: The Study Guide in Distance Learning (2 Units C: LH 3O)

At the end of lectures, students should be able to:

1. Explain cell structure and organisation.

2. Summarise functions of cellular organelles;

3. Characterise living organisms and state their general reproduction.

4. Describe the interrelationship that exists between organisms.

5. Discuss the concept of heredity and evolution; and

6. Enumerate habitat types and their characteristics.

Course Contents

Cell structure and organization, functions of cellular organelles, characteristics and classification of living things, chromosomes, genes their relationships and importance, general reproduction, interrelationships of organisms (competitions, parasitism, predation, symbiosis, commensalisms, mutualism, saprophytism); heredity and evolution (introduction to Darwinism and Lamarkism, Mendelian laws, explanation of key genetic terms), elements of ecology and types of habitats.

At the end of the lectures, students should be able to:

1. List the characteristics, methods of identification, and classification of viruses, bacteria, and fungi;
2. State the unique characteristics of the plant and animal kingdoms.
3. Describe ecological adaptations in the plant and animal kingdoms.
4. Explain nutrition, respiration, excretion, and reproduction in plants and animals; and
5. Describe growth and development in plants and animals.

Course Contents

Basic characteristics, identification, and classification of viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

A generalised survey of the plant and animal kingdoms based mainly on the study of similarities

and differences in the external features. Ecological adaptations. Briefs on physiology to include

nutrition, respiration, circulatory systems, excretion, reproduction, growth, and development

At the end of the lectures, students should be able to:

1. Outline common laboratory hazards.
2. Provide precautions on laboratory hazards;
3. State the functions of the different parts of the microscope.
4. Use the microscope and describe its maintenance.
5. Draw biological diagrams and illustrations; and
6. Apply scaling and proportion to biological diagrams.

Course Contents

Common laboratory hazards. Prevention and first aid. Measurements in biology. Uses and care of the microscope. Compound and dissecting microscope. Biological drawings and illustrations. Scaling, accuracy, and proportion. use of common laboratory apparatus and laboratory experiments designed to illustrate the topics covered in BIO 101

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

1. Describe the anatomy of flowering plants.
2. Differentiate types of fruit and seeds;
3. State ways of handling and caring for biological wastes;
4. Describe the basic histology of animal tissues; and
5. Identify various groups in the animal kingdom.

Course Contents

Anatomy of flowering plants, primary vegetative body. Stem, leaf, and root to show the mature tissues, namely parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem, and phloem. Types of fruits and

seeds. Care and use of dissecting kits and other biological wares. Dissection and general histology

of animal tissues based on vertebrate forms. Morphology and functions of epithelial, muscular, nervous, and connective tissues. Examination of various groups of lower invertebrates under microscopes, and identification of various groups of organisms in the Animal Kingdom. And any experiment designed to emphasise the practical aspects of topics in BIO 102.

Hypothesis, theory, and law with appropriate illustrations.

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this course, the students should be able to:

After studying all materials and resources presented in the course, the student will be able to:

1. Define atom, molecules, and chemical reactions;
2. Discuss the Modern electronic theory of atoms.
3. Write electronic configurations of elements on the periodic table;
4. Justify the trends of atomic radii, ionisation energies, and electronegativity of the elements based

on their position in the periodic table;

5. Identify and balance oxidation–reduction equations and solve redox titration problems;
6. Illustrate shapes of simple molecules and hybridised orbitals;
7. Identify the characteristics of acids, bases, and salts, and solve problems based on their quantitative relationship;
8. Apply the principles of equilibrium to aqueous systems using LeChatelier’s principle to predict

the effect of concentration, pressure, and temperature changes on equilibrium mixtures;

9. Analyse and perform calculations with the thermodynamic functions, enthalpy, entropy, and

free energy; and

10. determine rates of reactions and their dependence on concentration, time, and temperature.

Course Contents

Atoms, molecules, elements, compounds, and chemical reactions. Modern electronic theory of

atoms. Electronic configuration, periodicity, and building up of the periodic table. Hybridisation

and shapes of simple molecules. Valence Forces. Structure of solids. Chemical equations and stoichiometry. Chemical bonding and intermolecular forces, kinetic theory of matter. Elementary

thermochemistry. Rates of reaction, equilibrium, and thermodynamics. Acids, bases, and salts.

Properties of gases. Redox reactions and introduction to electrochemistry. Radioactivity.

At the end of this course, the students should be able to:

1. State the importance and development of organic chemistry.
2. Define fullerenes and their applications;
3. Discuss electronic theory;
4. Determine the qualitative and quantitative aspects of structures in organic chemistry.
5. Describe rules guiding nomenclature and functional group classes of organic chemistry;
6. Determine the rate of reaction to predict the mechanisms of reaction.
7. Identify classes of organic functional groups with a brief description of their chemistry;
8. Discuss comparative chemistry of group 1A, IIA and IVA elements; and
9. Describe basic properties of Transition metals.

Course Contents

Historical survey of the development and importance of Organic Chemistry. Fullerenes, as the fourth allotrope of carbon, are used as nanotubules, nanostructures, and nanochemistry. Electronic theory in organic chemistry. Isolation and purification of organic compounds. Determination of structures of organic compounds, including qualitative and quantitative analysis in organic chemistry. Nomenclature and functional group classes of organic compounds. Introductory reaction mechanism and kinetics. Stereochemistry. The chemistry of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, ethers, amines, alkyl halides, nitriles, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and derivatives. The Chemistry of selected metals and non-metals. Comparative chemistry of group IA, IIA, and IVA elements. Introduction to transition metal chemistry.

At the end of this course, the students should be able to:

1. Identify the general laboratory rules and safety procedures.
2. Collect scientific data and correctly carry out Chemical experiments;
3. Identify the basic glassware and equipment in the laboratory.
4. Identify and carry out preliminary tests, which include ignition, boiling point, melting point,

and tests on known and unknown organic compounds;

5. Execute solubility tests on known and unknown organic compounds;
6. Execute elemental tests on known and unknown compounds; and
7. Conduct functional group/confirmatory test on known and unknown compounds, which could

be acidic/basic/neutral organic compounds;

Course Contents

Continuation of CHM 107. Additional laboratory experiments to include functional group analysis and quantitative analysis using volumetric methods.

At the end of this course, the students should be able to:

1. Describe the general laboratory rules and safety procedures.
2. Collect scientific data and correctly carry out chemical experiments;
3. Identify the basic glassware and equipment in the laboratory.
4. Identify the differences between primary and secondary standards.
5. Perform redox titration;
6. Record observations and measurements in the laboratory notebooks; and
7. Analyse the data to arrive at scientific conclusions.

Course Contents

Laboratory experiments designed to reflect topics presented in courses CHM 101 and CHM 102.

These include acid-base titrations, qualitative analysis, redox reactions, gravimetric analysis, data

analysis, and presentation.

At the end of this course, the students should be able to:

1. Identify the general laboratory rules and safety procedures.
2. Collect scientific data and correctly carry out Chemical experiments;
3. Identify the basic glassware and equipment in the laboratory.
4. Identify and carry out preliminary tests, which include ignition, boiling point, melting point, and tests on known and unknown organic compounds;
5. Execute solubility tests on known and unknown organic compounds;
6. Execute elemental tests on known and unknown compounds; and
7. Conduct functional group/confirmatory test on known and unknown compounds, which could be acidic/basic/neutral organic compounds;

Course Contents

Continuation of CHM 107. Additional laboratory experiments

At the end of the course, students should be able to:

1. Explain basic components of computers and other computing devices.
2. Describe the various applications of computers.
3. Explain information processing and its roles in society.
4. Describe the Internet, its various applications, and its impact.
5. Explain the different areas of the computing discipline and its specialisations; and
6. Demonstrate practical skills in using computers and the internet.

Course Contents

Brief history of the computer. Description of the basic components of a computer/computing device. Input/Output devices and peripherals. Hardware, software, and humanware. Diverse and growing computer/digital applications. Information processing and its roles in society. Windows Files: word processing, copying a text, saving, changes to a document, formatting, spelling checker, and introduction to printing a document; Spreadsheet: entering and correcting data, using formulas, numeric formats, creating charts, types of charts, PowerPoint, and presentations. The Internet, its applications, and its impact on the world today. The different areas/programs of the computing discipline. The job specialisations for computing professionals.

This course focuses attention on a thematic approach to understanding the geography of Nigeria, covering a range of physical, socio-economic, and human phenomena.

At the end of the course, students should be able to:

1. Describe the natural and physical features of Nigeria
2. Describe the climate of Nigeria and the climatic zones therein
3. Define concepts such as population, industrialisation, and urban systems;
4. Explain the geography of Nigeria; and
5. Characterise different ecological systems and development trajectories in Nigeria.

Course Contents

General description of the natural, physical features of Nigeria: Vegetation, climate, and climatic changes within the geographical expression; Geographical distribution of people and natural resources. Brief description of the economic importance of these features, Exploration and exploitation of natural resources, Brief impact of these on the environment. Spatial patterns: ecological zones; growth and distribution of population; natural resources base; agricultural production and marketing systems; industrialisation: transport development; internal and external exchange. Concepts and models; river basins; city and community regions; migration flows, urban systems; modernisation; development strategies

At the end of this semester, students will be able to:

1. Explain the principles of science and recognise their role in evaluating and creating a viable human society within Earth’s systems;
2. Describe the basic ecological concepts and knowledge of the natural world;
3. Recognise, describe, and quantitatively describe Earth systems, including the land, water, sea, atmosphere, and how these functions collectively support life on earth;
4. Describe the variation in ecosystems, their structure and function, both internally and as part of the larger biosphere; and
5. Explain human population characteristics and growth, and recognise the impacts of human society on Earth’s systems and resources.

Course Contents

Scope and meaning of environmental science; the concept of the earth’s surface as the home of man; atmosphere and atmospheric processes; hydrosphere and the hydrological cycle; the lithosphere and the process of sculpturing the earth’s surface; the lithosphere and the biological productivity of the earth’s surface; the earth surface in natural history; the current environmental concern and environmental hazards. Application of physical and chemical principles, ecological concepts, and systems approach to policy analysis of atmospheric environments, freshwater and marine environments, land use, energy supplies, technology, and other resources.

At the end of this semester, students will be able to:

1. Explain the physical and chemical properties of soils.
2. Soil determination; methods of soil survey;
3. laboratory determination of soil properties – particle size distribution;
4. Bulk density, total porosity, PH, organic matter content, and available phosphorus.

Course Contents

Scope and nature of soil resources; physical and chemical properties of soils; soil formation, soil profile, soil classification; progress in soil mapping in Nigeria; soil determination; methods of soil survey; laboratory determination of soil properties – particle size distribution; bulk density, total porosity, PH, organic matter content, available phosphorus.  Fundamentals of soil science: Land as a resource, ecological and economic importance of soil; Soil formation; classification of soil; soil architecture; physical properties of soil; soil texture; soil water holding capacity; soil temperature; soil colloids; soil acidity and alkalinity; soil salinity and sodicity; soil organic matter; micronutrients of soil; nitrogen, sulphur, potassium and phosphorus economy of soil; soil biodiversity; soil taxonomy maps. Soil degradation – causes: Types and causes of soil degradation; Soil resistance and resilience; nature and types of soil erosion; non-erosive and erosive soil degradation; losses of soil moisture and its regulation; nutrient depletion; soil pollution due to mining and mineral extraction, impact soil degradation on agriculture and food security; industrial and urban development, toxic organic chemicals, and organic contaminants in soils; fertilizers and fertilizer management; recycling of soil nutrients.  Land use changes and land degradation: Land resources: types and evaluation; biological and physical phenomena in land degradation; visual indicators of land degradation; drivers of land degradation deforestation, desertification; habitat loss, loss of biodiversity; range land degradation; land salinization; human population pressure, poverty, socio-economic and institutional factors; drivers of land use and land cover change in major geographic zones and biodiverse regions. Land degradation and its control: Economic valuation of land degradation; onsite and offsite costs of land degradation; loss of ecosystem services; effects on nutrient cycles; future effects of soil degradation; emerging threats of land degradation to developing countries Sustainable land use planning; the role of databases and data analysis in land use planning control and management; land tenure and land policy; legal, institutional and sociological factors; integrating land degradation assessment into conservation.

At the end of the lectures in this course, students should be able to:

1. Explain various concepts and terminologies associated with the ecosystem.
2. List and explain features of various habitat types.
3. Explain natural destruction/disaster, community and natural cycles;
4. Explain and describe factors responsible for population changes.

Course Contents

Concept and definition of ecosystem. Ecology at the community level. Ecological classification of habitat types. Terrestrial and aquatic biomass. Specific features of each biotic component of the habitat. Natural destruction. Factors of communities, the success of community interaction. Natural cycle and dynamics of population

At the end of the course, the students should be able to:

1. Recognise and identify the mineral and textural characteristics of sedimentary rocks using microscopes;
2. Describe and classify sedimentary rocks.
3. Evaluate the origin of sedimentary rocks; and
4. Interpret the provenance of sedimentary rocks.

Course Contents

Types of sediments. Sources, transportation and deposition of sediments. Diagenesis and lithification. Grain size analysis; textures and structures of sediments and sedimentary rocks. Pebble morphometry; mineral composition of the sedimentary rocks and microscopy. Petrographic classification of sandstones. Heavy minerals. Provenance of ancient sediments. Study of the major structures of the Earth. Continental separation and sea floor spreading. Mid-oceanic ridges. Plate tectonics: patterns of crystal evolution in specific regions. Heat flow and vertical movements of the crust. Plate tectonics: causes, relations to mineral resources genesis, diversity and extinction of species. Origin and growth of basins. The Rift Valley basin and other types of basins. Orogeny and orogenesis. Of sediments. Sources, transportation and deposition of sediments. Diagenesis and lithification. Grain size analysis. Textures and structures of sediments and sedimentary rocks. Pebble morphometry.  Mineral composition of the sedimentary rocks and microscopy. Petrographic classification of sandstones. Heavy minerals. Provenance of ancient sediments. Reconstruction of the paleoenvironment. Reconstruction of paleoclimate. Reconstruction of paleoecology

At the end of this semester, students will be able to:

1. Utilise the knowledge gained from this course on conservation and its application to society, identify local and international issues on natural resources over-exploitation.
2. Guide the society on the ecological implications of threatened and endangered species; and
3. Train others on the most appropriate ecologically sustainable plans for conservation of the natural resources around us.

Course Contents

Natural resources, concepts and definitions, Natural resources exploitation, Environmental and or ecological implications of threatened/endangered natural resources.  Fundamentals of Environmental Resources Management, Historical Perspectives of Environmental Resource Management, Instruments in Environmental Management, Fundamentals of Wildlife Management, Problems of Forest Resource Management, Strategies for forest resource management, Renewable Resources Management and Non- Renewable  Resources  Management,  The  Nigerian  Conservation Foundation   and   other   agencies   concerned   with   environmental resource management, Sustainable use and conservation of natural resources

At the end of this semester, students will be able to:

1. Explain the principles of science and recognise their role in evaluating and creating a viable human society within Earth’s systems;
2. Describe the basic ecological concepts and knowledge of the natural world;
3. Recognise, describe and quantitatively describe earth systems, including the land, water, sea, atmosphere and how these functions collectively support life on earth;
4. Describe the variation in ecosystems, their structure and function, both internally and as part of the larger biosphere; and
5. Explain human population characteristics and growth, and recognise the impacts of human society on Earth’s systems and resources.

Course Contents

Scope and meaning of environmental science; the concept of the earth’s surface as the home of man; atmosphere and atmospheric processes; hydrosphere and the hydrological cycle; the lithosphere and the process of sculpturing the earth’s surface; the lithosphere and the biological productivity of the earth’s surface; the earth surface in natural history; the current environmental concern and environmental hazards. Application of physical and chemical principles, ecological concepts, and systems approach to policy analysis of atmospheric environments, freshwater and marine environments, land use, energy supplies and technology and other resources.

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

1. Explain the elements of environmental management.
2. Know the types and causes of major environmental issues; and
3. Learn how to reduce and prevent occurrences of pollution in air, water and land.
4. Know the nature of land and its potentials;
5. Explain factors influencing the use of land as a resource and its value; and
6. Know the processes involved in land development.
7. Know the impacts organisations have on the environment and respective responses;
8. Acquire the skills of applying the EMS tool (Environmental Management System) in managing an organizations significant environmental impact; and
9. Know different types of standardised environmental management systems.

Course Contents

Introduces environmental issues, regulations, and types of pollutants. Covers issues related to air pollution, including how air pollution can be controlled and the quality of indoor air. Discusses the problems of pollution in water and methods to control it. It also examines the different types of solid waste, such as hazardous, medical, and nuclear, as well as treatment techniques for each, focusing on pollution prevention in areas such as health, safety, and accident prevention; energy conservation; and waste reduction. It also examines how environmental risks are perceived and communicated, and how individuals can be educated about them. Land is a scarce and exhaustible resource. Location theory, economic basis of urbanisation, conflicting and competing demands for land use and conservation. Relationship between land use and land value. Effect of land use and land value on the operation of the price mechanism. The process of land development, economics of real estate, nature and function of the urban property, urban area, financial development and economic concepts. The impacts of organisations on the environment and the ways they can respond to protect themselves and the environment. The use of the Environmental Management System EMS as a tool for managing an organisation’s significant environmental impacts is introduced. The different types of standardised environmental management systems, such as the British Standards Institution’s BSI 7750, the European Commission’s Eco-Management and Audit Scheme EMAS, and the International Organisation for Standardisation’s ISO 14001. The different elements of an EMS are also highlighted.

At the end of the course, students should be able to:

1. Explain the basic definition of set, subset, union, intersection, complements, and use of the Venn diagram;
2. Solve quadratic equations;
3. Solve trigonometric functions;
4. Identify the various types of numbers; and
5. Solve some problems using the binomial theorem.

Course Contents

Elementary set theory, subsets, union, intersection, complements, and Venn diagrams. Real

numbers, integers, rational and irrational numbers, mathematical induction, real sequences and

series, theory of quadratic equations, and binomial theorem. Complex numbers, algebra of

complex numbers, the Argand diagram. De Moivre’s theorem, nth roots of unity. Circular measure, trigonometric functions of angles of any magnitude, addition and factor formulae.

At the end of the course, students should be able to:

1. Identify the types of rules in differentiation and integration.
2. Describe the meaning and function of a real variable, graphs, limits, and continuity; and
3. Solve some applications of definite integrals in areas and volumes.

Course Contents

Functions of a real variable, graphs, limits, and the idea of continuity. The derivative is the limit of the rate. of change. Techniques of differentiation. Extreme curve sketching, integration as an inverse of differentiation. Methods of integration, definite integrals. Application to areas and volumes.

At the end of the course, students should be able to:

1. Describe the electric field and potential, and related concepts, for stationary charges;
2. Calculate electrostatic properties of simple charge distributions using Coulomb’s law, Gauss’s

law, and electric potential;

3. Describe and determine the magnetic field for steady and moving charges.
4. Determine the magnetic properties of simple current distributions using Biot-Savart and Ampere’s law;
5. Describe electromagnetic induction and related concepts and make calculations using Faraday

and Lenz’s laws;

6. Explain the basic physics of Maxwell’s equations in integral form.
7. Evaluate DC circuits to determine the electrical parameters.
8. Determine the characteristics of AC voltages and currents in resistors, capacitors, and Inductors.

Course Contents

Forces in nature. Electrostatics (electric charge and its properties, methods of charging). Coulomb’s law and superposition. Electric field and potential. Gauss’s law. Capacitance. Electric

dipoles. Energy in electric fields. Conductors and insulators. DC circuits (current, voltage and resistance. Ohm’s law. Resistor combinations. Analysis of DC circuits. Magnetic fields. Lorentz

force. Biot-Savart and Ampère’s laws. Magnetic dipoles. Dielectrics. Energy in magnetic fields.

Electromotive force. Electromagnetic induction. Self and mutual inductances. Faraday and Lenz’s

laws. Step-up and step-down transformers. Maxwell’s equations. Electromagnetic oscillations and

waves. AC voltages and currents applied to inductors, capacitors, and resistors

On Completion, the Student should be able to;

1. Describe the electric field and potential, and related concepts, for stationary charges;
2. Calculate electrostatic properties of simple charge distributions using Coulomb’s law, Gauss’s

law and electric potential;

3. Describe and determine the magnetic field for steady and moving charges.
4. Determine the magnetic properties of simple current distributions using Biot-Savart and

Ampere’s law;

5. Describe electromagnetic induction and related concepts, and make calculations using Faraday

and Lenz’s laws;

6. Explain the basic physics of Maxwell’s equations in integral form;
7. Evaluate DC circuits to determine the electrical parameters; and
8. Determine the characteristics of AC voltages and currents in resistors, capacitors, and

Inductors.

Course Contents

Forces in nature. Electrostatics, electric charge and its properties, methods of charging. Coulomb’s law and superposition. Electric field and potential. Gauss’s law. Capacitance. Electric dipoles. Energy in electric fields. Conductors and insulators, current, voltage and resistance. Ohm’s law and analysis of DC circuits. Magnetic fields, Lorentz force, Biot-Savart and Ampère’s laws. Magnetic dipoles, Dielectrics, Energy in magnetic fields. Electromotive force. Electromagnetic induction. Self and mutual inductances. Faraday and Lenz’s laws. Step up and step-down transformers. Maxwell’s equations. Electromagnetic oscillations and waves. AC voltages and currents applied to inductors, capacitors, resistors, and combinations

On Completion, the student should be able to:

1. Conduct measurements of some physical quantities;
2. Make observations of events, collect and tabulate data;
3. Identify and evaluate some common experimental errors.
4. Plot and analyse graphs; and
5. Conclude numerical and graphical analysis of data.

Course Contents

This practical course is a continuation of PHY 105 and is intended to be taught during the second semester of the 100 level to cover the practical aspect of the theoretical courses that have been covered with emphasis on quantitative measurements, the treatment of measurement errors and graphical analysis. However, emphasis should be placed on the basic physical techniques for observation, measurements, data collection, analysis and deduction.

On Completion, the student should be able to:

1. Conduct measurements of some physical quantities;
2. Make observations of events, collect and tabulate data;
3. Identify and evaluate some common experimental errors.
4. Plot and analyse graphs; and
5. Conclude numerical and graphical analysis of data.

Course Contents

This practical course is a continuation of PHY 105 and is intended to be taught during the second

semester of the 100 level to cover the practical aspect of the theoretical courses that have been covered, with emphasis on quantitative measurements, the treatment of measurement errors and

graphical analysis. However, emphasis should be placed on the basic physical techniques for observation, measurements, data collection, analysis and deduction.

Basic Understanding of Conflict: Definitions, Causes and Types of Conflict, Conflict Theories, Phases in Conflict, Conflict Analysis & Transformation. Dynamics of Conflict; Relationship between Perception and   Conflict, Language Barriers in Conflict and Resolution, Early Warning and Early Response Mechanism, Arms Control and Demilitarisation, Peace and Education. Trends in Global Issues: International, Continental and Regional Organisations in the Pursuance of World Peace, Peaceful Methods of Conflict Resolution, Coercive Means of Conflict Resolution, Gender Issues and Humanitarian Intervention.

General introduction to logic; clarity of thought, expression and arguments as a basis for conclusions; fundamentals of logic and critical thinking; types of discourse; nature of arguments; validity and soundness; techniques for evaluating arguments; the distinction between inductive and deductive inferences, etc. Illustrations from familiar texts, including literature materials, novels, law reports and newspaper publications.

Kinetic theory of gases, the behaviour of real gases; the laws of thermodynamic entropy and free energy, reactions and phase equilibrium; reaction rate laws for gases where the concentration of the reactions is the same.  Mechanism and theories of molecular reactions.

At the end of this course, the students should be able to:

1. Recognise and distinguish between aromatic and alicyclic compounds by their structures;
2. Identify the properties of aromatic and alicyclic compounds, and the chemical consequences

of aromaticity;

3. Recognise and be able to write the mechanism of electrophilic aromatic and alicyclic substitution;
4. Outline the completed electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions of the following types:

halogenation, nitration, sulfonation, and Friedel-Crafts acylation & alkylation;

5. Explain the chemistry of heterocyclic Chemistry (3,4,5, and 6-membered rings of O, N, S

heterocyclic compounds);

6. Describe the Reactive intermediates – carbocations, carbanions, carbenes, nitrenes;
7. Express the rearrangement reactions, e.g., Beckmann, Baeyer-Villiger.
8. Illustrate with various reaction mechanisms and types; and
9. Organise forensic analysis of biological samples, pharmaceutical samples, organic analytes

and macromolecular samples.

Course Contents

Pre–requisite: CHM 211

Aromatic and Alicyclic Chemistry. Survey of representative polycyclic compounds. Heterocyclic

Chemistry (3,4,5, and 6-membered rings of O, N, S heterocyclic compounds). Reactive

intermediates – carbocations, carbanions, carbenes, nitrenes, etc. Selected rearrangement

reactions, such as Beckmann, Baeyer-Villiger, and many others to illustrate various reaction

mechanisms and types. Forensic analysis of biological samples, pharmaceutical samples, organic

analytes and macromolecular samples.

At the end of this course, students will be able to:

1. Explain the fundamental concepts of environmental analysis, and be able to classify and prepare a standard solution;
2. Demonstrate an in-depth understanding of statistical analyses of data- Errors, Mean, Standard Deviation, Reliability of an average value (t–test), F–test, rejection of outliers (Q test and 4Q test). Analysis of variance (ANOVA);
3. Explain some chemical analyses applicable to environmental studies, such as Gravimetric analysis, Acid-Base titrimetry, Non-Aqueous Titration, etc, and
4. Describe oxidation and reduction, balancing of redox reactions, etc.
5. Explain and practice many methods to be able to collect samples in their research and their professions.
6. Describe quality control, including documentation, calibration, and sample management; and
7. Defend their data and base good decisions on measurements taken.

Course Contents

Review of fundamental concepts: What is environmental analysis? Importance of environmental analysis. Classification of units of concentration. Preparation of standard solutions. Statistical treatment of analytical data, accuracy, precision, errors, mean, standard deviation, reliability of an average value (t–test), F–test, rejection of outliers (Q test and 4Q test). Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Sampling, Techniques, Graph plotting (Centroid method/Least squares). Gravimetric analysis. Types – Evolution, Loss in Ignition, Gas absorption, Thermogravimetry, Electrogravimetry, Precipitation from Solution (Conditions for Analytical Precipitation, Digestion, Filtration, Handling of Precipitates, Co-precipitation), Calculations. Acid Base Titrimetry. Primary Standards, Indicators, Titration Curves, Application. Fundamental Principle of Calculation in Titrimetry. Non-Aqueous Titration. Definition of (Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, Lewis, General Solvent), standards. Precipitation Titrimetry. Titration Curves, Indicators in precipitation titration (Mohrs, Volhard): Complexometric Titration. Types of Complexing Agents, Important Features of EDTA, Masking and Demasking, Complexometric Indicators, Titration methods with EDTA. Oxidation reduction: Titrimetry. Concept of oxidation & Reduction, Oxidation States, and Balancing of Redox reactions. Standard electrode potentials. Relationship between Concentration and Potential End Point Detection (Self, Specific and True Oxidation. Red Indicators Application.  Definition: general principles of environmental monitoring. Organisation of monitoring programmes for site and resource-specific strategies. Classification of monitoring techniques and use (physical, chemical, biological, radioactive). Global sources, sinks and transport (mass balance) of both man-made and natural atmospheric trace components, Ocean-atmosphere interactions, reversible effect of human activities on the global environment, e.g., greenhouse effect, climate change, depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer, acid rain. Air pollution meteorology, chemistry and biology. Atmosphere dispersion models. Elements of air pollution control. Sampling and air monitoring techniques. Mechanism of pollutant interaction with soil and vegetation. General principles of biotesting, aquatic toxicity, types, bioassays, data analysis and interpretation.

At the end of this semester, students will be able to:

1. Explain natural hazards and their management.
2. Describe emergency responses and the role of key players;
3. Discuss the ecological consequences of natural resource mismanagement; and
4. Explain erosion, hurricanes, landslides, earthquakes, mudslides, tsunamis and tornadoes.

Course Contents

Definition and scope of disasters and risks. The scope of vulnerability. Ecological consequences of mismanagement of natural resources. Origin and causes of erosion. Erosion forecasting. Surface water management. Soil hydrology. Soil water movement. Drainage, leaching and water disposal. Economics and benefits of erosion control. Mechanics of erosion. Types and forms of erosion. Evapo-transportation. Erosion/flood control measures, engineering, and administrative measures. Approaches to development and intervention. Gender sensitivity in responses to emergencies. The impact of disaster on different genders. Gender equality, equity and disaster risk reduction

At the end of this course, students will be able to:

1. Effectively carry out citizen-research and community surveys;
2. Disseminate information accordingly to different population sizes, and target groups; and
3. Gather the skills in community entry and mobilisation.

Course Contents

Population and environment (responsible use). Role of educational intervention in environmental action. Methods of dissemination of environmental information. Case studies of information for various target groups. Methods of public opinion assessment. Social theory for environmental psychology, the ecological psychology theory of participation. Social response to environmental pollution, environmental damage and compensation.

At the end of this semester, students will be able to:

1. Rationale for public and private participation;
2. Demonstrate the various communities’ modes, techniques and constraints to participation; and
3. Explain the basic role of non-governmental organisations (NGOs).

Course Contents

Concepts of participation; rationale for public and private participation; objectives of public and private participation; identification of various communities’ modes and techniques of participation; constraints to participation in environmental management; role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in environmental management.

At the end of this semester, students will be able to:

1. Impart relevant knowledge needed for promotion and sustenance of the health and safety of man in his environment;
2. Demonstrate the knowledge of prevailing communicable diseases, their mode of transmission and methods of controlling the biological and physical environment to prevent them; and
3. Explain the basic knowledge of physical, sociological and biological theories, concepts, principles and their applications in the practice of environmental health.

Course Contents

The concept of environmental health. The concept of community health. Theories of environmental health. Human health and wellbeing.  The effect of man’s domestic, industrial, and other productive activities on human health and family. Basic needs. Communal needs. Culture and health. Culture and environment. Global Environmental Issues. Social, Economic, and Policy issues. Cost, quality and access to health care. Organisations and corporate social responsibility to the community. Waste management. Environmental sanitation. Ameliorative measures to maintain environmental health. Application of recent health models and theories to the community.

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

1. Build foundational knowledge in society-environment relations from different disciplinary perspectives
2. Develop a specialized skill set that applies to particular scholarly and vocational areas
3. Understand both conventional and critical perspectives on society-environment relations
4. Build an awareness of how people can actively manage and change their environments

Course Contents

The history and contemporary nature of environmental concern. The contemporary relations between society and environment. The earth’s physical, chemical, and biological processes that shape the landscapes of the planet. Direct and indirect drivers of global environmental change. The impact of nations on the environment in terms of the climate and how governments and social institutions seek to intervene and shape human-environment relations. The influence of culture on the environment and the perception and transmission of values and resources. The science behind some global environmental issues. Environmental problems and solutions resulting from the interplay of knowledge systems, economic systems, governments, international institutions, cultures, social movements, and ecologies. Sustainable Development Goals

1. Trace the historical development of modern climatology.
2. Explain the formation and characteristics of tropical and extra-tropical weather systems; and
3. Differentiate between Koppen’s and Strahler’s climatic classification schemes.

Course Contents

Nature and scope of Climatology. Development of modern climatology. Radiation and Energy

Balance. Evaporation and Evapotranspiration. General Circulation of the Atmosphere. Weather

and Climate in tropical and extra-tropical areas. Meteorological Hazards. Classification of climates. Climate variations and changes. Mechanisms of Nigeria’s climate. Meaning and scope of tropical climatology; the nature of the atmosphere; elements of weather and climate, radiation, temperature, precipitation; tropical climate; weather and climatic hazards in the tropics; physiological comfort; climate and urban planning in the tropics; tropical disturbances; tropical agro-climatology.

1. 1. Describe the classification and distribution of elements in the cosmic system.
   2. Describe the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere.
   3. Know the geochemistry of different rock types and mineral deposits
   4. Plan for sustainable weathering and soil formation, principles and methods of exploration geochemical analysis

   Course Contents

   Abundance, classification and distribution of elements in the cosmic system, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere, geochemistry of different rock types and mineral deposits, weathering and soil formation, principles and methods of exploration geochemical analysis

1. 1. 1. Describe ecotourism and recreation and their relationship to natural resource management.
      2. Apply planning and management frameworks for developing recreation opportunities on a site, community, and landscape level;
      3. Know the attributes and categorisation of recreation and tourism resources.
      4. Plan for sustainable recreation facilities and services that result in positive outcomes for visitors, local communities, economies, and the environment;
      5. Identify how recreation activities impact natural areas; and
      6. Use strategies and techniques to manage natural areas for recreation and tourism.,

      Course Contents

      Definition of ecotourism, Social and ecological impacts of tourism, Concept of ecotourism • Ecotourism and related sub‐sectors of the tourism industry • Ecotourism criteria • Nigeria’s  declaration on ecotourism, Ecotourism Resources: Identifying, listing, and understanding ecotourism resource categories (natural, built, and events) Protected Areas: Definition, categories and roles, Identifying and describing ecotourism products Components of ecotourism • Ecotourism and the environment • Ecotourism and conservation • Ecotourism and protected areas, Components of ecotourism • Ecotourism and economic benefits • Ecotourism and social benefits • Ecotourism and local community • Ecotourism and education, Community‐based tourism • Community‐based tourism management • Monitoring the success and impacts of community‐based tourism, Ecotourism practices • Transportation • Facilities (reduce, replace, reuse, recycle) • Services (types, activities, and code of ethics) • The ecotourists (types, and code of ethics), Ecotourism Practices • Eco‐labeling and green‐washing Examples and case studies of ecotourism in practice • Best practice guidance • Certification • Identify existing examples and case studies of eco‐friendly practices in the tourism industry, Developing an ecotourism product • Identifying products, developing partnerships, tapping local knowledge, incorporating research, zoning, developing policies and guidelines, educating & marketing • Knowledge, skills, attitude and commitment of ecotourism service providers, Ecotourism in the national/global context • Convention on Biological Diversity • Millennium Development Goals Ecotourism‐based/related employment: Scope and areas of employment.

1. 1. 1. At the end of this semester, students will be able to:

         1. Provide a broad background on the occurrence, use, management, and conservation of water and water resources in Nigeria and around the world
         2. Understand physical hydrology and the hydrologic basis of water resources
         3. Explore water supply and demand, irrigation and agriculture, water allocation law and policy, and flood hazards and hydrology
         4. Examine dams and reservoirs, drought, water geochemistry, water quality and pollutants, and the economic and political aspects of water resources
         5. Will be able to address four major milestones (simplified water budget, the geography of water supply and demand in Nigeria, water resource development, and water quality and health), which require integration of many related concepts and principles
         6. Critically examine the role government policy plays in the environment, specifically about water resource development, the formulation of water allocation law, and the tenets of the Clean Water Act
         7. Apply the basic principles of hydrologic science, physics, agricultural engineering, and chemistry to the understanding of water resources and socioeconomic development

         Course Contents

         Water and water resources are critical issues for the sustenance of nearly every society. This course examines the occurrence, use, management, and conservation of water and water resources in Nigeria and around the world. It further discusses the environmental, economic, and social implications of floods, droughts, dams, and water usage, as well as current issues in water quality, water pollution, and water resource regulation. Students will gain an understanding of the environmental, societal, and political impacts of water, water resources, and changes in water supply and availability, and they will be introduced to current and emerging trends in water resource issues, development, and technology. Water resources; sources and distribution; approaches to water resources evaluation; qualitative and quantitative approaches; water balance approach; need for evaluation; methods of measuring rainfall; analysis and interpretation of rainfall data; evapotranspiration measurements; stream flow measurements – stage, discharge-velocity, hydrographs analysis, flow variability and recession; hydrology of reservoirs. Water quality measurement and analysis – solute, suspended, bed load and yield.

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

1. Apply the knowledge obtained from this course to evaluating exposure and solving problems associated with environmental contaminants.
2. Use the skills, techniques and tools necessary for a successful career in the field of environmental toxicology.
3. Conduct assessments of the environment, analyse data and evaluate health impacts from exposure to contamination.
4. Understand professional ethical responsibilities.
5. Understand contemporary environmental issues and the impact of environmental toxicology in a global and societal context.
6. Understand the need, and have the ability, to engage in lifelong learning and to participate in professional organisations.

Course Contents

Fundamentals of Toxicology and the Dose-Response Relationship. Identification and quantification of hazards. Principles of Environmental Toxicology and the Dose-Response Relationship, Toxicity Testing, and ADME I (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion), ADME II (Toxicokinetics and Metabolism). Classes of Environmental Chemicals, Biochemical Effects, and Mechanisms of Toxicity of Pollutants. Environmental Toxicology: Environmental Fate and Sources of Pollutants. Ecotoxicology, Biomarkers and Biomonitoring: Developmental Origins of Disease. Endocrine Disruption Carcinogenic & Genotoxicity Pollutants and Their Effects. Specialised Toxicology and Case Studies, Ecological and Human Health Risk Assessment, Neurotoxicological.Effects of Environmental Pollutants: Case Studies

At the end of the course, students will be able to:

1. Explain the basic concepts and scope of microbiology.
2. Describe the layout of a microbiology laboratory, equipment and reagents in a microbiology laboratory.
3. Discuss the theory behind basic protocols in a microbiology laboratory

Course Contents

History of the Science of Microbiology. Classification of organisms into prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Classification of prokaryotes into Archaea and Eubacteria anatomy. Cytochemistry of bacteria and fungi. Shapes, groupings and colonial morphology of bacteria and fungi. Structure of viruses. Sterilisation and disinfection, structure, ecology and reproduction of representative microbial genera. Culture of micro-organisms. Isolation of micro-organisms, isolation of bacteria, viruses, fungi (yeasts and moulds). Nutrition and biochemical activities of micro-organisms. Antigens and antibodies. Identification and economic importance of selected microbial groups. Microbial variation and heredity. Study of laboratory equipment. Introduction to microbiology of air, food, milk, dairy products, water and soil. Staining techniques, antibiotic sensitivity tests, serological tests and antimicrobial agents.

At the end of the course, students will be able to:

1. Know basic theories of aerial photography
2. Understand the properties and characteristics of aerial photographs.
3. Understand the principles, equipment, and techniques used in air photo interpretation
4. Interpret aerial photographs and digital imagery
5. Obtain reliable measurements and maps from aerial photographs and digital imagery, and
6. Practically implement aerial photointerpretation in various disciplines.

After going through the designed lab exercises, students will have skills for aerial photo processing, 3D information extraction, orthophoto production, and digital terrain generation by using current photogrammetric techniques.

Course Contents

History of aerial photography; definitions of terms; electromagnetic spectrum, Geometry of vertical airphotos, principles of stereoscopic vision, Photogrammetry: scale of vertical airphotos; horizontal measurements, Photogrammetry: vertical measurements, Digital imagery; orthophotography, map projections, GPS, GIS, Photo interpretation: human factors, films, filters, Photo interpretation: principles and techniques, Land use, land cover, Geology, soil, engineering and environmental applications, Vegetation analysis, forestry applications, Natural resources inventory, statistics and sampling techniques, mapping accuracy, Issues and problems in air photography in the tropics.

Lab work:

Geometry of aerial photos, principal and conjugate point, stereo vision, Determining Distance, Angles, and Area using Air Photos, Height Determination from Air Photos I: Relief Displacement and Monoscopic Parallax,  Height Determination from Air Photos: Stereoscopic Parallax, Field Collection of Global Positioning System (GPS) Data, Differential correction of GPS data, Principles and techniques of aerial photo interpretation, Land-use/land-cover mapping using aerial photography, Digital spatial data sources: DEM, DOQQs, DRG, DLG, Finding GIS Data Layers and Viewing them in ArcView 8.1, Onscreen digitizing, Map accuracy assessment.

At the end of the course, the student should be able to:

1. Discuss the environmental impacts of oil prospecting, drilling and production.
2. Describe causes of oil spillage and cite typical examples of incidents;
3. Discuss the environmental effects and control of gas flaring.
4. explain environmental impact assessment (EIA); and
5. Identify remediation protocols.

Course Contents

Environmental impacts of oil prospecting, drilling and production. Effects of oil spillage on water

and land environments. Processes of treating oil spillage (chemical, biochemical and microbiological). Gas flaring. Effects and control of gas flaring. Methods of controlling the environmental impacts of the oil and gas industry. Nigerian experiences on the environmental effects of oil and gas operations. Current affairs.

At the end of the course, the students should be able to:

1. Classify the elements into major, trace and rare earth elements.
2. State the element composition of major rocks.
3. Discuss the relative mobility of the elements.
4. apply geochemical data to explore mineral resources; and
5. Determine the provenance and tectonic settings of rocks.

Course Contents

Abundance, classification and distribution of elements in rocks and materials. Principles of major

and trace elemental analysis. Preparation of samples and analytical procedures; geochemistry of

different rock types and mineral deposits; weathering and soil formation. Principles and methods

of exploration geochemistry and geochemical analysis. Colloids and clays. Aspects of geochemistry about petrology, prospecting and environments.

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

1. Apply knowledge of science and scientific methods, measure properties of matter; manipulate measurements and convert measurement units.
2. Adeptly use and interpret maps, including contour maps.
3. Use Earth science knowledge to explain natural hazards.
4. Apply knowledge of Earth’s interior and the plate tectonic theory to explain observations of Earth’s surface and geologic phenomena.
5. Infer past processes from mineral composition and texture of rocks, and explain how one rock can change into another using the rock cycle.
6. Use relative and absolute dating as well as other observations to deduce the billions of years old age of Earth.
7. Describe reservoirs and exchanges of water throughout the hydrosphere.
8. Apply knowledge of Earth’s place and motion in space to explain the distribution and fluctuation of solar energy, and implications of these energy variations.
9. Using knowledge of atmospheric chemistry and electromagnetic radiation, explain vertical stratification of the atmosphere, infer air stability and describe patterns of air and ocean circulation.
10. Describe and explain the weather accompanying different air masses, pressure systems and fronts.
11. Link processes and components from the atmosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere in a variety of positive and negative feedbacks to explain global climate change.

Course Contents

Origin of Earth and System processes. Solar system formation and planetary differentiation. Formation of the Earth, formation and composition of core, mantle, crust; chemical composition of Earth; geological time scale and major changes on the Earth’s surface; Holocene and the emergence of humans. Concept of plate tectonics and continental drift theory, continental collision and formation of the Himalaya; ocean floor spreading; mantle convection and major plates; earthquakes; volcanic activities; orogeny; isostasy; gravitational and magnetic fields of the earth; paleontological evidence of plate tectonics. Minerals and rocks: Minerals and important rock forming minerals; rock cycle: lithification and metamorphism; Three rock laws; rock structure, igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks; weathering: physical, biogeochemical processes; erosion: physical processes of erosion, factors affecting erosion; agents of erosion: rivers and streams, glacial and Aeolian transportation and deposition of sediments by running water, wind and glaciers. Earth surface processes: Atmosphere: evolution of Earth’s atmosphere, composition of atmosphere, physical and optical properties, circulation; interfaces: atmosphere–ocean interface, atmosphere–land interface, ocean–land interface; land surface processes: fluvial and glacial processes, rivers and geomorphology; types of glaciers, glacier dynamics.

At the end of the course, the students should be able to:

1. interpret features, symbols and signs in maps; and
2. Classify and interpret physical features in maps.
3. Explain the techniques of map-making and the elements of a map;
4. Analyse the rudiments of Enumeration Area demarcation maps and their interpretation;
5. Construct and interpret designs of physical and economic maps.
6. List several different approaches to spatial analysis and differentiate between them.
7. Outline the geographic concepts of distance, adjacency, interaction and neighbourhood and

   Discuss how these are fundamental in performing spatial analysis.

8. Explain how point patterns, including clustering, can be identified and understood as realisations of spatial processes.
9. Discuss how linear feature concepts of length, direction and connection are represented and analysed in networks.
10. Apply appropriate spatial references (datum and projection) to spatial data before undertaking analysis.
11. Demonstrate how different concepts about nearness and neighbourhoods result in a variety of interpolation methods that produce different results.

Course Contents

History of map-making. Techniques of map-making. Types of maps. Elements of maps. Maps and their limitations. Theories and context of spatial analysis. Maps for spatial analysis, Spatial processes, point pattern analysis, Spatial autocorrelation, Spatial interpolation, Overlay, Time, change and 3D. Designs and construction of physical and economic maps. Basic contour compilation. Profiles. Flow maps. Pie graphs. Bar graphs. Map projection, its properties and learning techniques. Qualities of Projections for Nigerian maps.  Base maps, Map reading: location; map scale; conventional signs; representation of relief and recognition of relief forms; analysis and interpretation of relief forms on maps; analysis and interpretation of cultural features on maps. Graphical and map presentation of geographical data; isoline maps; chlorepleth maps; dot maps; flow maps, and others. Slope analysis, analysis of geological maps, settlement analysis, and transport pattern.

At the end of the course, the students should be able to:

1. interpret features, symbols and signs in maps; and
2. Classify and interpret physical features in maps.
3. Explain the techniques of map-making and the elements of a map;
4. Analyse the rudiments of Enumeration Area demarcation maps and their interpretation;
5. Construct and interpret designs of physical and economic maps.
6. List several different approaches to spatial analysis and differentiate between them.
7. Outline the geographic concepts of distance, adjacency, interaction and neighbourhood and

   Discuss how these are fundamental in performing spatial analysis.

8. Explain how point patterns, including clustering, can be identified and understood as realisations of spatial processes.
9. Discuss how linear feature concepts of length, direction and connection are represented and analysed in networks.
10. Apply appropriate spatial references (datum and projection) to spatial data before undertaking analysis.
11. Demonstrate how different concepts about nearness and neighbourhoods result in a variety of interpolation methods that produce different results.

Course Contents

History of map-making. Techniques of map-making. Types of maps. Elements of maps. Maps and their limitations. Theories and context of spatial analysis. Maps for spatial analysis, Spatial processes, point pattern analysis, Spatial autocorrelation, Spatial interpolation, Overlay, Time, change and 3D. Designs and construction of physical and economic maps. Basic contour compilation. Profiles. Flow maps. Pie graphs. Bar graphs. Map projection, its properties and learning techniques. Qualities of Projections for Nigerian maps.  Base maps, Map reading: location; map scale; conventional signs; representation of relief and recognition of relief forms; analysis and interpretation of relief forms on maps; analysis and interpretation of cultural features on maps. Graphical and map presentation of geographical data; isoline maps; chlorepleth maps; dot maps; flow maps, and others. Slope analysis, analysis of geological maps, settlement analysis, and transport pattern.

At the end of the course, the students should be able to:

1. To understand the concepts, theories, and methods used in the economic analysis of environmental and natural resource issues.

1. Have knowledge and understanding of key economic issues in the analysis of controlling environmental degradation and externalities, including theoretical models and empirical evidence, along with associated mathematical and statistical techniques.

3. Know scarcity, choice, the economic concept of value, the principles of market efficiency, and why the market often appears to fail where environmental and natural resource issues are concerned.

1.  To analyse and assess the implications of using various environmental policy instruments and assess the costs and benefits of undertaking pollution control projects, a skill that applies to other social projects.
2. Grasp research and investigative skills such as problem framing and solving, and the ability to assemble and evaluate complex evidence and arguments.
3. Use effective communication skills to critique, create and communicate understanding and to collaborate with and relate to others.
4. Demonstrate personal effectiveness through task-management, time-management, teamwork and group interaction, dealing with uncertainty and adapting to new situations, and personal and intellectual autonomy through independent learning.

Course Contents

Definitions of environmental economics. Environmental and economic

 theories. Application of economic theory and the tools of policy analysis in the context of modern environmental issues. Fundamental concept of environmental economics. Meaning and subject matter of environmental economics. Nature and scope of environmental economics. Key environmental issues and problems. Market failure and externalities. Pigouvian taxes and subsidies. Pareto efficiency/optimality. Property rights and the Coase theorem. WTO and Environmental Issues. Environmental Kuznets Hypothesis. Approaches to the allocation of public goods and Tradable permits. Environmental quality: AIR, WATER, FOREST, LAND. Non-market values and measurement methods. Sustainable policy approach to check environmental degradation. Cost-benefit analysis of environmental regulations. Limits to growth and the social limits to growth model. Economics of Recycling and waste management, Sustainable development rules and principles. Green marketing and clean technology. Methods of environmental valuation. Poverty and environment. Land degradation and environment, Bio-Diversity conservation and environment. Environmental management systems and environmental auditing. Integrated environmental and economic accounting. Role of information in the health of the Environment. Policy instruments for environmental protection. Environmental education. Environmental laws in Nigeria. Economic approach and ecological approach. Environmental hazards and disaster management. Nigeria’s Environmental Policy and Legislation. International environmental policy. Environmental Risk Analysis. Women, environmental human rights and ethics.  Environmental pollution and policies.  Air pollution and climate change. Pollution of water resources and their management.  Deforestation and the extinction of biodiversity. Economics of climate change, Risk Assessment and perception in Environmental Economics. Interlinkages between environment and e-governance. Waste (e-waste) management and environmental issues. Population, human health and environment linkages. Health, Safety and Environmental (HSE) modern practices. Argo Economics and Environmental Science

At the end of the course, the students should be able to:

1. Acquire hands-on experience in a workplace setting;
2. Recognise the various issues and dilemmas which present themselves in environmental settings;
3. Reflect on their moral dilemmas in their field of practice; demonstrate an ability to identify ethical issues in a particular scenario
4. Acquire practical skills related to their study programme;
5. Exhibit interpersonal skills;
6. Demonstrate knowledge of workplace expectations and professional ethics;
7. Be equipped to face the rudiments associated with his chosen profession.
8. Demonstrate an ability to think and write critically.

Course Contents

Students’ Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) provides an opportunity for students to obtain hands-on experience on environmental issues. The training aims to bring the students up to an acceptable level of proficiency in areas of required competence. This SIWES programme shall be undertaken in an establishment with practical working facilities relevant to the student’s area of specialisation. Assessment is based on a written report, a seminar presentation, and assessment by supervisors

At the end of this course, students, through case study and practical approaches, should be able to:

1. Describe the key steps in venture creation.
2. Spot opportunities in problems and high-potential sectors regardless of geographical

location;

3. State how original products, ideas, and concepts are developed;
4. Develop a business concept for further incubation or pitching for funding;
5. Identify key sources of entrepreneurial finance.
6. Implement the requirements for establishing and managing micro and small enterprises;
7. conduct entrepreneurial marketing and e-commerce;
8. Apply a wide variety of emerging technological solutions to entrepreneurship; and
9. Appreciate why ventures fail due to a lack of planning and poor implementation.

Course Contents

Opportunity Identification (Sources of business opportunities in Nigeria, Environmental scanning, Demand and supply gap/unmet needs/market gaps/Market research, Unutilised resources, Social and climate conditions and Technology adoption gap)

At the end of this semester, students will be able to:

1. Define and understand the terms “Population, community, ecosystem, environment and environmental factors”, their characteristics, and how they relate to each other;

2. Explain population ecology, community ecology, and the interaction of species, both inter- & intra-dependency;

3. Have in-depth knowledge of the effect of man on the ecosystem and learn the required skills to manage anthropogenic impacts to yield a sustainable future for mankind and the planet at large; and

4. Explain eco-development, integrated development and environmental planning principles.

Course Contents

Population, community, ecosystem, environment and environmental factors. Study of communities and ecosystems, abundance, density, yield, cover, frequency. The ecology of niche, overlap competition, coexistence, and resource shift. Habitats: the primary terrestrial and aquatic habitats which affect man. Alterations imposed on the habitats by man. Integration of ecology and environment into development planning. Ecological management. Eco-development and integrated development. Environmental planning principles – inter-disciplinary, not multidisciplinary, holistic, comprehensive, participative, coordinated, integrated and continuous planning.

At the end of the course, students should be able to:

1. Analyse the concepts of peace, conflict and security.
2. List major forms, types and root causes of conflict and violence;
3. Differentiate between conflict and terrorism.
4. Enumerate security and peace-building strategies; and
5. Describe the roles of international organisations, media and traditional institutions in peace

building

Course Contents

Concepts of peace, conflict and security in a multi-ethnic nation. Types and theories of conflicts:

Ethnic, religious, economic and geopolitical conflicts. Structural conflict theory, the realist theory of Conflict and frustration-aggression conflict theory. Root causes of conflict and violence in Africa: Indigene and settlers’ phenomenon, boundaries/border disputes, political disputes, ethnic disputes and rivalries, economic inequalities, social disputes, nationalist movements and agitations, selected conflict case studies – Tiv-Junkun, Zango Kartaf, chieftaincy and land disputes and many more. Peace building, management of conflicts and security, peace & human

development. Approaches to peace & conflict management: (religious, government, community

leaders and many more). Elements of peace studies and conflict resolution, conflict dynamics assessment scales: constructive & destructive. Justice and legal framework, and concepts of social

Justice. The Nigerian legal system. Insurgency and terrorism. Peace Mediation and Peace Keeping. Peace and security council (international, national and local levels). Agents of conflict resolution: Conventions, treaties, community policing, evolution and imperatives. Alternative dispute resolution (ADR): a. dialogue b). arbitration c). negotiation d). collaboration and many more Roles of international organisations in conflict resolution: (a). The United Nations (UN) and its Conflict resolution organs. (b). The African Union & Peace Security Council (c). ECOWAS in peacekeeping. Media and traditional institutions in peacebuilding. Managing post-conflict situations/crisis: refugees. Internally displaced persons (IDPs). The role of NGOs in post-conflict

situations/crisis.

At the end of this semester, students will be:

1. introduced to the concepts of environmental laws, standards and regulations;
2. abreast with both federal and state laws, including regulations and edicts, knowing the procedures involved in promulgating a law, act, etc.;
3. exposed to regulation enactments, enforcement, violations and sanctions; and
4. knowledgeable about the local and international laws, conventions guiding the planet and adopting practicable ones.

Course Contents

Basic concepts of environmental standard criteria and regulation. Federal environmental laws on environmental protection. State edicts and regulations on the environment, plant and animal quarantine. Regulations and enforcement mechanisms. Violations and sanctions. Comparative study of environmental laws in some advanced countries. e.g., USA, Canada, etc. International laws and conventions. Analysis of legal, political, social and environmental dimensions of environmental problems; environmental control legislations; constitutional rights to environmental quality; the development and problems of citizen-initiated environmental litigations; federal and state response to environmental quality and standards; legal status of the former Federal Environmental Protection Agency and the powers of the Ministry of Environment; case studies of oil pollution; noise pollution components of planning laws in Nigeria; environmental laws, conventions and protocols.

At the end of the course, students should be able to:

1. Define basic research concepts.

2. Select appropriate research topics;

3. Formulate research questions and hypotheses;

4. Analyse data.

5. Undertake a review of methodologies of environmental research;

6. Identify and describe problems; and

7. Select analytical tools in the interpretation of results.

Course Contents

Understanding basic elements of research methods in geography: Selection of a research topic; definition of study problems and objectives; Formulation of research hypotheses; Experimental design for collection and analysis of data; writing a research proposal. Area delineation of the source of data, creation of research instruments, formal acquisition of data, appropriate statistical analyses, and writing.

At the end of the course, students should be able to:

1. Understand the concept of field studies

2. Know the importance of the field as a laboratory

3. Know their local environment;

4. Develop strong observatory skills

5. Identify problems and proffer immediate solutions to these problems

6. Identify geographical features;

7. Conduct hands-on field exercises; and

8. Examine the relationships between and among features.

Course Contents

Eight to ten days of intensive field studies designed to illustrate the application of theories, concepts and techniques of environmental analysis. Fundamentals of field principles and measurements, including dumpsites, landfills/land reclamation, marine pollution, flood or drought, erosion sites, waste management/recycling, forestry/forest conservation schemes. Field studies of manufacturing/Industrial sectors, Climatic/Meteorological Stations, rural/ urban environment, as well as environmental impact assessment of projects. Examples of field study activities include rural land use studies, urban studies, vegetation and soil studies, landform studies and market surveys. It is expected that the students should travel outside the State where the University is located so they can be exposed to different geographic features. Local field studies on vegetation, soils, settlements, earth’s resources, landforms, market surveys, population, rural or urban surveys, weather and others.

At the end of this semester, students will be able to:

1. Identify policy and policy thrusts for rural development in Nigeria from 1900 to date
2. List some notable development needs of rural societies.
3. Demonstrate community development and roles of non-governmental organisations; and
4. Discuss urbanisation of rural societies.

Course Contents

Policy and policy thrusts for rural development in Nigeria from 1900 to the present day.      Fundamentals of Policy formulation, Rural Development Policies in Nigeria, Rural Development Programmes in Nigeria, Evaluation of Rural Development programme in Nigeria, Rural Development Policy Direction in Nigeria. Development needs of rural societies, rural dwellers and their characteristics, problems of the rural areas, and the needs of the rural dwellers. Rural Infrastructure. Community development and roles of non-governmental organisations, Community Development, Community-Based Organisation, Non-Governmental Organisations, Potentials of NGOs in the Development of Rural Communities. Rural urban migration, fundamentals of migration. Rural–urban migration, implications of rural–urban migration, and mitigation of rural-urban migration. Urbanisation of rural societies, fundamentals of urbanisation, problems of urbanisation on rural societies, benefits of urbanisation of rural societies, planning for the integration of rural societies in urban development, and development needs of rural societies.  Community development and roles of NGOs. Rural/urban migration, urbanisation of rural societies.

At the end of this semester, students will be able to:

1. Explain the nature, origin and classification of waste and hazardous toxic substances, their characteristics;
2. Enumerate skill sets in identifying, sourcing, sorting and disposal of hazardous and toxic substances;
3. Describe the route of exposure, entry and accumulation in man and the environment; and
4. Explain the principles and laws regulating the handling and practices of toxic substances locally and internationally.

Course Contents

The nature, origin, and classification of hazardous toxic substances. Characteristics of wastes and

hazardous substances. Identification of hazardous substances. Sources and pathways of hazardous substances. Disposal methods and technology of hazardous substances. Geological environmental factors affecting the choice of disposal site. Contamination of water-bearing strata, soil, plants, food webs and bio-concentration. Analysis of hazardous and toxic substances. Regulations and laws governing the sale, importation, transportation, storage and disposal of hazardous and toxic substances.

At the end of this course, students will be able to:

1. Explain the concepts of air quality standards and air quality parameters.
2. Mention primary sources of information on air quality standards.
3. Discuss the criteria and policies for setting air quality standards.
4. Explain how to predict air impacts.
5. Explain the major categories of water use and causes of water quality/pollution; and
6. Discuss the most common standards parameters used in assessing water quality.

Course Contents

The concept of air quality standards as levels of air pollution prescribed by regulations that may not be exceeded during a specified time in a defined area. Air quality parameters: Air quality index (AQI) used by government agencies: Uses and types. The primary sources of information on air quality standards, criteria and policies: the relevant local, state and central organisations that have a mandate for overseeing the air resources of the study area.: Air environmental setting; Air impacts; prediction of air impacts, impact assessment; and impact mitigation. Water quality as the chemical, physical, biological and radiological characteristics of water. The most common standards used to assess water quality: health of ecosystems, safety of human contact and drinking water. Setting standards: Role of agencies that make political and technical/scientific decisions about how the water will be used. Categories: the parameters for water quality and how they are determined by the intended user. Human consumption, industrial and domestic use of water, environmental water quality, and agricultural water quality.

At the end of the semester, students will be able to:

1. Define Agrochemicals and other toxicants – what they are and what risks they may pose;
2. Identify the scenarios – where and when are men exposed?
3. Recognise signs, symptoms and diseases that may be related to agrochemical and other toxicant exposure; and
4. Identify how to prevent and treat pesticide exposure.

Course Contents

The environment and its interaction concept of elementary cycles. Characteristics of the atmosphere, types and effects of environmental pollution. Land pollution and methods of waste disposal. Air pollution and its effects on man, plants and materials. Water pollution and treatment of waste waters, nuclear pollution, noise pollution and global environmental problems, greenhouse effect, global warming, ozone layer depletion, nuclear winter, and acid rain.

At the end of this semester, students will be able to:

1. Explain the types, sources and forms of waste;
2. Practice and set up methods of solid, liquid and gaseous waste management technology, such

as waste recycling and utilisation; and

3. Profitably make wealth out of waste.

Course Contents

Types and forms of wastes. Sources of waste. Methods of solid, liquid and gaseous waste management technology, including waste recycling and utilisation. Institutional arrangements for waste management. Environmental health effects of waste management. Economics of waste

management. Waste management strategies. Case studies.

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

1. Know the types and sources of energy;
2. Learn the effect of energy on the environment and socio-economic cost; and
3. Learn the methods and strategies of renewable energy generation and development.

Course Contents

Energy and power, demand, principles and outlook: The cost of transformation of energy. Thermal pollution and electrical energy from fossil fuels. Hydroelectric power generation. Cost, capacity, storage, reserves, efficiency and environmental effects of these. Electrical energy from nuclear reactors. Prospects for the future through the promise (and problems) of breeder reactors, fusion power, solar power, geothermal, tidal and wind power, among others.

1. Explain physical and geological oceanography.
2. Acquire basic knowledge of the physical properties of oceans;
3. Differentiate types of water motions – ocean currents, waves and tides and explain their effects and the forces that influence them;
4. Describe the formation of different water motions; circulation and mixing of oceanic waters;
5. Demonstrate a sound knowledge of energy fluxes and budgets in the ocean;
6. Demonstrate a basic knowledge of geological oceanography – the history and formation of ocean floors/basins and coastal zones – and how they develop and change with time; and
7. State properties of rocks and sediments on the seafloor and coastal margins.
8. Explain the basic knowledge of chemical and biological oceanography.
9. Discuss the chemical components of oceans: salinity – dissolved salts; dissolved gases; dissolved organic substances; their reactions and transformation; how they are related to ocean circulation, atmosphere, biosphere and geosphere;
10. state the diversity and characteristic features of marine organisms and identify various marine organisms
11. Describe the processes that govern the distribution and abundance of marine organisms; and
12. Explain marine ecological principles – maintaining or restoring native species, habitat diversity and heterogeneity, adaptation and interdependence.

Course Contents

The course examines the geological and physical aspects of the ocean: structure, formation/history and general morphological features of ocean basins. Underwater landscape, development and changes. Properties of rocks, sediments found on the seafloor and coastal margins. Water motions: currents, waves and tides, among others – their occurrence, characteristics and activities; their effects and forces influencing them. Ocean energy and coastal development. Chemical and biological properties of the oceans: chemical and biochemical characteristics of seawater; seawater composition: elements present, dissolved gases, salts and so on. Properties and distribution of seawater. Fluxes and transformation of chemicals in the ocean. Chemical interactions of seawater with the atmosphere and seafloor. Biogeochemical cycles. Characteristics of marine organisms – their main features, general habitat and distribution; behaviour and relationships; processes influencing them. Marine ecological principles.

1. At the end of the course, students should be able to:

   1. Develop plant breeding concepts and methodology;
   2. Identify the conservation movement.
   3. Design the strategy for conservation; and
   4. Describe the use of forestry by man.

   Course Contents

   Plant breeding concepts and methods. Development of conservation movement, scope of conservation, strategy for conservation, man, nature and resources, principles of paces, grasslands, man’s use of forestry. Loss of biological diversity and environmental pollution. Basic ecological and evolutionary principles underpinning efforts to conserve the Earth’s biodiversity.  These principles will be examined in the context of efforts to halt the rapid increase in the disappearance of both plants and animals.  Some sociological and economic issues will be treated with emphasis on the biological aspects of the crucial problems and case studies.

1. At the end of this course, students should be able to:

   1. Know the basic steps involved in the EIA process;
   2. Learn the techniques and skills of conducting EIA;
   3. Know EIA legal framework;
   4. Know the role of EIA in achieving the goals of environmental management; and
   5. Know the challenges of EIA practice in the developing countries and the way forward.

   Course Contents

   Concepts of Environmental Impact Assessment: Environment; Environmental Impacts; Environmental Impact Analysis; Environmental Impact Assessment And Environmental Impact Statement; EIA- As An Integral Part of The Planning Process, Detailed Contents of EIA: Introduction; Project Description; Description of The Environment; Anticipated Environmental Impacts And Mitigation Measures: Analysis of Alternatives; Environmental Monitoring Programme; Additional studies; Project Benefits; Environmental Cost Benefit Analysis, Environment attributes: air; water; noise; land and soil. Description of the Baseline Environment: Purposes for defining the Environmental Setting; Selection of parameters, Monitoring of physical environmental parameters, Collection and interpretation of baseline data for various environmental attributes,  Prediction and Methods of Assessment of Impacts on Various aspects of Environment; Application of various models for the Prediction of impact on Air Environment, Water Environment, Noise Environment and Land, EIA notification and amendments: Categorization of projects, Procedure for getting environmental clearance. Public participation in the environmental decision-making process. Case studies on EIA for Industries and Infrastructure projects

1. At the end of this course, students will be able to:

   Know hands-on experiences and training in application of modern measurement methods to identify key system parameters and direct measurements of above- and subsurface properties and processes understand complexities and challenges of characterization of natural systems and key environmental processes demonstrate the scientific basis for how environmental sensors work and how they are used for landscape and subsurface characterization evaluate and select appropriate measurement methods and sampling design to quantify key environmental variables & processes. Deploy sensors in the field, acquire and analyse data, and understand sensor networks and use derived information. To interpret and analyse laboratory and field data and report the main integrated findings deduced from various types of measurements. To enhance the problem-solving skills of students’ experiences with laboratory and field experiments and class projects

   Course Contents

   Glossary of relevant environmental laboratory terms, Instrumentation Overview; applications to environmental analysis. Introduction to data management and acquisition; statistical control, numerical criteria.   Description of instruments for measuring air quality, i.e. NO, O2, CO, Relative air humidity, etc. Noise level, etc. Water, soil measuring instruments, corrosivity, resistance, PH, Conductivity, BOD, e.t.c. Instrumentation and parameters for measuring wastewater before discharge; potable water for safe drinking.  Ecological Sampling techniques, measurement of properties and quality of water, soil and air. Detection limits and related concepts, calibration calculation. Matrix effects in laboratory testing, Detection limits and related concepts, calibration calculations. Matrix effects in laboratory testing. Quality assurance and control. Standard Operating Procedures. Supplemental: Example QC Document Within an EPA Method, Introduction to Spectroscopy; electromagnetic spectrum, molecular absorption spectrometry – theory and application, quantitative measurements, instrumentation, application in environmental analysis, Isolation Techniques, sample pretreatment, extraction modes including liquid phase (LLE), purge-and-trap, head-space, use of derivatisation. GC modes of separation, sample loading, and detection modes. Environmental Application and “crystal ball gazing”.

   Labwork:

   Application of UV spectroscopy to the analysis of environmental samples and use of QA/QC, Use of liquid-liquid extraction for the isolation of non-polar contaminants from an aquatic matrix, GC; demonstration of components, use and application to quantitation of an unknown mixture in a field matrix after generation of calibration curve and use of QA/QC. Each student pairs up to work with the sample extract prepared in the earlier lab.

1. At the end of this course, students will be able to:
   1. Explain the fundamentals of climate change science.
   2. Describe the relationship between the geological and climatic development of the Earth.
   3. Explain the basic physical principles of the global climate system
   4. Give an account of natural climatic and environmental changes which have occurred over different time scales.
   5. Describe current energy politics and energy systems related to climate change.
   6. Account for the effect of climate change on society and how society works with the effects of climate change and climate adaptation
   7. Present the international climate change legal and policy framework and explain key issues under negotiation.
   8. Describe the expected consequences of climate change and the role of adaptation.
   9. Provide a rationale for climate change mitigation and propose actions in key sectors.
   10. Identify main streams of climate change finance.
   11. Outline basic elements of planning processes to deliver climate change action.
   12. Analyse principal challenges and opportunities for climate change action.
   13. present group work in an oral presentation and a written report.

   Course Contents

   Natural climate change in Earth’s history., Description of the physical and chemical properties and processes that shape Earth’s surface, land, atmosphere, ocean and climate. Physical control over biological productivity will be evaluated. Specific topics will include global warming, air, pollution and transport. Stratospheric ozone, ocean upwelling of nutrients and productivity. Determinants of climate: What factors affect climate? Scientific evidence about past climates: Effects of human activity on global climate in the last 200 years. , What do we know about future climate change and how will it affect the quality of people’s lives,  How do economists and political scientists assess the costs of climate change and the value of policies to limit it, What can we do to mitigate future global climate change or adapt to life in a different climate, What is happening politically, both in Nigeria and internationally, to respond to climate change. Scientific principles and policy applications. Earth’s past, evidence of human impact; future climate change; and economic, social, and ecological consequences. Economic, technological, and public policy responses
   

   At the end of this course, students will be able to:

   1. Explain the fundamentals of climate change science.
   2. Describe the relationship between the geological and climatic development of the Earth.
   3. Explain the basic physical principles of the global climate system
   4. Give an account of natural climatic and environmental changes which have occurred over different time scales.
   5. Describe current energy politics and energy systems related to climate change.
   6. Account for the effect of climate change on society and how society works with the effects of climate change and climate adaptation
   7. Present the international climate change legal and policy framework and explain key issues under negotiation.
   8. Describe the expected consequences of climate change and the role of adaptation.
   9. Provide a rationale for climate change mitigation and propose actions in key sectors.
   10. Identify main streams of climate change finance.
   11. Outline basic elements of planning processes to deliver climate change action.
   12. Analyse principal challenges and opportunities for climate change action.
   13. present group work in an oral presentation and a written report.

   Course Contents

   Natural climate change in Earth’s history., Description of the physical and chemical properties and processes that shape Earth’s surface, land, atmosphere, ocean and climate. Physical control over biological productivity will be evaluated. Specific topics will include global warming, air, pollution and transport. Stratospheric ozone, ocean upwelling of nutrients and productivity. Determinants of climate: What factors affect climate? Scientific evidence about past climates: Effects of human activity on global climate in the last 200 years. , What do we know about future climate change and how will it affect the quality of people’s lives,  How do economists and political scientists assess the costs of climate change and the value of policies to limit it, What can we do to mitigate future global climate change or adapt to life in a different climate, What is happening politically, both in Nigeria and internationally, to respond to climate change. Scientific principles and policy applications. Earth’s past, evidence of human impact; future climate change; and economic, social, and ecological consequences. Economic, technological, and public policy responses

    

    

    

1. At the end of the course, the student should be able to:
   1. Define climatology.
   2. Classify agroclimatic zones;
   3. Explain tropical weather patterns; and
   4. Explain climate change impacts in the tropics.

   Course Contents

   Bioclimatology, agroclimatology, climatology and the built environment, climate change and its impact on rural and urban environments, climate change and sustainable development goals, and climate change and its implications on humans and various human and economic activities. Definition and delimitation of the “Tropics” Rationale for studying the climatology of the tropics. Radiation conditions in the tropics. Temperatures in the tropics. Tropical precipitation. Tropical disturbances: Tropical weather systems. Applied tropical climatology: Tropical agro climatology; tropical bioclimatology, global circulation system and its influence in the tropics, links between the tropical climates and the temperate climates, climate change and climate-premiership.

1. 1. Explain the history of remote sensing.

   2. Explain the fundamental principles of remote sensing.

   3. Apply remote sensing to problem-solving;

   4. Acquire knowledge on various applications of remote sensing in the surveying of natural resources and monitoring of land use.

   Course Contents

   Fundamentals of Remote Sensing (Definition, History of Remote Sensing, components of Remote Sensing, electromagnetic radiation), Elements of remote sensing system, Techniques of remote sensing. Interpretation and analysis of Visual and Digital imagery. Remote sensing application,

   RS Process. Relationship between Remote sensing and Geographic information system; and the applications of remote sensing, Remote Sensing systems, Imageries across the spectrum, Image Acquisition, Image Restoration and Enhancement, Image Processing and Interpretations, Image Storage and Retrieval Formats; applications in Agriculture, Environmental Resources Management, Monitoring and Change detection, Urban planning and others. Remote Sensing analytic digital image processing system. Fundamentals (Computer imaging systems, image representation- colour space, image sampling quantisation, quality measurement, data products, storage and retrieval- Photowite systems, dip systems and software. Preprocessing (Encoding and decoding, sources of image degradation, atmospheric, radiometric and geometric errors, systematic and non-systematic correction, image geometry operations. Image Enhancement (Image characters, histogram, scatter plots, statistics and spatial statistics for processing, image models, spatial transforms, enhancements: radiometric and geometric operators, Fourier transforms, scale space transforms, image fusion, texture analysis. Image Classification (Spectral discrimination pattern matching, Bayes’ theoremsignature and feature extraction- training and classification, supervised and unsupervised methods, error matrix and accuracy estimates. Image Analysis (Concept of uncertainty, fuzzy partitioning, neural nets, sub-pixel classification concept, pattern recognition, feature descriptors). Remote sensing application, Integration of Remote Sensing and GIS in geographical research, case studies.

1. At the end of the course, the students should be able to:

   1. Acquire hands-on experience in a workplace setting.
   2. Recognise the various issues and dilemmas which present themselves in environmental settings;
   3. Reflect on their moral dilemmas in their field of practice; demonstrate an ability to identify ethical issues in a particular scenario
   4. acquire practical skills related to their study programme;
   5. exhibit interpersonal skills;
   6. Demonstrate knowledge of workplace expectations and professional ethics;
   7. Be equipped to face the rudiments associated with his chosen profession.
   8. Demonstrate an ability to think and write critically.

   Course Contents

   Students’ Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) provides an opportunity for students to obtain hands-on experience on environmental issues. The training aims to bring the students up to an acceptable level of proficiency in areas of required competence. This SIWES programme shall be undertaken in an establishment with practical working facilities relevant to the student’s area of specialisation. Assessment is based on a written report, a seminar presentation, and assessment by supervisors.

At the end of this course, students will be able to:

1. Define the concepts of environmental guidelines and standards.
2. Discuss the processes of setting environmental standards.
3. Mention the main targets of environmental standards.
4. Explain the components of environmental standards.
5. Explain the relationship between the law and environmental standards; and
6. Give examples of organisations involved in setting environmental standards.

Course Contents

The concepts of guidelines and environmental standards. Relationship between guidelines and standards. The guideline value is the maximum permissible concentration that guarantees an acceptable health condition or environmental quality. Types of guidelines. Actors and organisations for the establishment of guidelines: International) panels of experts, Governmental organisations, the World Health Organisation (WHO) and other international organisations. Components of Environmental Standards: (a) application in near–ground level outdoor locations where a person might reasonably be expected to be exposed over the relevant average period; (b) protection of human health and the environment; (c) contribution to sustainable development. Main targets of environmental standards: avoiding adverse health effects from high pollution levels, protecting the environment and contributing to sustainable development. The law and environmental standards: regulatory bodies, documents, consequences/penalties. Review of descriptive and basic inferential techniques in handling environmental data for policy making

At the end of this course, students will be able to:

1. Distinguish between Risk Evaluation and Characterisation;
2. Explain the concept and steps of risk evaluation.
3. Narrate the requirements for effective risk characterisation;
4. Discuss techniques of risk reduction and management of environmental risk; and
5. Perform elementary Risk Sensitivity Analysis.

Course Contents

Meaning and definition of Risk Evaluation. Risk Characterisation: the qualitative and/or quantitative estimation, attendant uncertainties, probability of occurrence and severity of known or potential adverse health effects on a population based on hazard identification, hazard characterisation and exposure assessment. Requirements for risk characterisation, such as mathematical knowledge (as in modelling data), knowledge of the process under consideration, and microbiological knowledge and expertise, are invariably needed. Stages of risk characterisation: (i) combining previous MRA steps; (ii) summarising the risk; (iii) variability in risk; (iv) validation against experience. Determination of risk management priorities through the establishment of qualitative and /or quantitative relationships between benefits and associated risks. Risk evaluation process: identification, probability and impact, moment of risk, treatment, secondary risk, residual risk, and monitoring and review. Techniques of reduction and management of environmental risks: substitution, information about the safe use and disposal of agents to the public and users, and limiting the availability of the agent. Elementary Risk Sensitivity Analysis

At the end of this course, students will be able to:

1. Explain the concept and components of environmental politics.

2. Exhibit skills and decisions on managing diverse natural resources

3. Themes of liberty, justice, equality, power, democracy, property and risk are important; and

4. Demonstrate diverse strategies of management, trading, and pollution.

Course Contents

Description of how decisions on managing diverse natural resources, environmental quality and human health are made.  It covers themes of liberty, justice, equality, power, democracy, property and risk, important to understanding environmental politics. Study environmental quality (Shell/Ogoni).  Examination of diverse strategies of management, trading, and pollution.  Topics will include a definition of the conservation and development dichotomy and its resolution.

At the end of this course, students will be able to:

1. Explain the concept and components of GIS.
2. Exhibit skills in data collection (both spatial and aspatial);
3. Use GIS tools and software in the analysis, storage and manipulation of GIS data; and
4. Demonstrate knowledge of the interpretation of remote sensing data – aerial photographs, satellite imagery, etc.

Course Contents

Survey of the development of geographical data collection procedures; exploration, land use

survey, regional planning surveys, computer cartography, geographic coding, and remote sensing.

Human societies and geographic features are not evenly distributed or organised. This course helps the students to make order out of the chaos. At the end of the course, the students should be able to:

1. Define basic concepts of spatial organisation.
2. Classify different phenomena (population, production, and geographic features) that are spatially dispersed; and
3. Interpret land use and patterns and interactions.

Course Contents

Basic concepts of spatial organisation: principles of classification of geographical phenomena; growth and spatial distribution of population. Production systems; typology and distribution; location, spacing, and growth of settlements; movements over space and transport networks. Land-use: typology, patterns and interaction.

At the end of this semester, students will be able to:

1. Describe factors influencing location, landscape designs, parks, and reserves.
2. Explain the principles of environmental injustice, Rural, urban land use, and environmental quality; and
3. Highlight the impacts of human settlement and development on the environment.

Course Contents

Human settlements, size and density, factors influencing location, landscape designs, parks and reserves. Rural, urban land use and environmental quality. Culture and environment: patterns, health and safety. Environmental ethics, impact of human settlement and development on the environment. Case studies: examples of significant human settlements and developments, projects, and their environmental impacts

At the end of the course, students should be able to:

1. List the surveying instruments and their uses; and
2. State the methods of surveying

Course Contents

Introduction to surveying instruments and their uses, e.g. the chain, steel measuring tape, ranging poles, land chain arrows, dumping levels, theodolite, planimeters. Methodologies and techniques of linear and areal surveying. Types of surveys: land, topographic, route, city/municipal, construction, hydrographic, marine, mine, forestry, and geological surveys. Photogrammetric, as-built, control surveys. Geographic Information System. Geological and mining evaluation. Principles of surveying, measurement of distance and direction, chain surveying, compass survey, plane tabling. Area measurements, correction of errors of closure, height, and slope measurements.  Drafting of uncharted and contoured maps, rectangular coordinates and triangulation.  Traversing with theodolites and levelling.

At the end of the semester, students will be able to:

1. Explain resources and types of resources
2. Describe the process and methods of resource evaluation; and

3. Evaluate the geomorphological techniques in resource evaluation.

Course Contents

Resources, Types, Resource Process, Methods of resource evaluation, and geomorphological techniques in resource evaluation.

At the end of the semester, students will be able to:

1. Explain and practice many methods to be able to collect samples in their research and their professions.
2. Describe quality control, including documentation, calibration, and sample management; and
3. Defend their data and base good decisions on measurements taken.

Course Contents

Definition: general principles of environmental monitoring. Organisation of monitoring programmes for site and resource-specific strategies. Classification of monitoring techniques and use (physical, chemical, biological, radioactive). Global sources, sinks, and transport (mass balance) of both man-made and natural atmospheric trace components, Ocean-atmosphere interactions, reversible effect of human activities on the global environment, e.g., greenhouse effect, climate change, depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer, acid rain. Air pollution meteorology, chemistry and biology. Atmosphere dispersion models. Elements of air pollution control. Sampling and air monitoring techniques. Mechanism of pollutant interaction with soil and vegetation. General principles of biotesting, aquatic toxicity, types, bioassays, data analysis, and interpretation.

At the end of the lectures in this course, students should be able to:

1. Explain various concepts and terminologies associated with the ecosystem.

2. List and explain features of various habitat types.

3. Explain natural destruction/disaster, community and natural cycles; and

4. Explain and describe factors responsible for population changes.

Course Contents

Concept and definition of ecosystem. Ecology at the community level. Ecological classification of habitat types. Terrestrial and aquatic biomass. Specific features of each biotic component of the habitat. Natural destruction. Factors of communities, the success of community interaction. Natural cycle and dynamics of population. Detailed knowledge of the interactions between physical, chemical and biological processes in aquatic ecosystems; the influence of human activities; characteristics of aquatic ecosystems; the structure of aquatic plants and animal communities – biofilms, macrophytes, fishes, nutrient cycling, aquatic productivity, wetland and catchment management and ecosystem health.  Macro-invertebrates as biomonitors: blue-green algae, salinity, eutrophication, freshwater aquaculture systems and effluent control.

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

1. Explain the theories related to Gondwanaland, continental drift and land bridges.

2. Outline the world’s key flora and fauna groups and reasons for their distribution;

3. Explain succession, colonisation, and dispersal of plants and animals;

4. Describe the concept of endemicity, refugia and Island biogeography.

5. Discuss the physical and chemical nature of soil;

6. Summarise the cycling of minerals and nutrients.

7. Explain the soil and animal soil water relationship; and

8. Outline the causes of soil erosion and alleviation methods.

Course Contents

Gondwanaland and the theory of continental drift. Theory of land bridges. Distribution of world key floral and faunal groups, including factors affecting distribution. Phyto- and zoogeographical regions of the world. Relationships between plants and animal distributions (emphasising local

examples). Concept of succession, colonisation and dispersal in terrestrial plants and animals.

Concept of endemicity and refugia. Island biogeography.

At the end of this semester, students will be able to:

1. Utilise the knowledge gained from this course on conservation and its application to society, and identify local and international issues on natural resources.
2. Guide the society on the ecological implications of threatened and endangered species; and
3. Train others on the most appropriate ecologically sustainable plans for conservation of the natural resources around us.

Course Contents

Natural resources, concepts, and definitions. Natural resources exploitation. Environmental and or ecological implications of threatened/endangered natural resources. Sustainable use and conservation of natural resources.

ESM431: Environmental Health, Safety and Community Health (2 Units; C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

1. Explain the theories related to environmental Health and attributes.

2. Outline environmental safety measures.

3. Explain the succession of community health

4. Describe the concept of environmental health, safety and community health.

8. Outline the causes, effects and measures of environmental health, safety and community health

Course Content

Our planet, the need for environmental sustainability, Environmental legislation, Environmental Management Systems (EMS), Environmental impact assessment, Strategic environmental assessment, Environmental audit, Cost-benefit analysis, Life cycle assessment, clean technology, Environmental risk management, Sustainable development, Health and safety policies in industries and work environments, strategies and objectives. First Aid and Techniques: burns, poison, stings and bites, artificial respiration, etc. Accidents, classification, causes and costs; fire and firefighting. Health and safety audits as management tools. Health and safety plans. Accidents: case studies.

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

1. Understand key current environmental problems.
2. Be able to identify and value the effect of the pollutants on the environment: atmosphere, water and soil.
3. Be able to analyse an industrial activity and identify the environmental problems.
4. Be able to plan strategies to control, reduce and monitor pollution.
5. Be able to select the most appropriate technique to purify and/or control the emission of pollutants.
6. Be able to apply the basis of an Environmental Management System (EMS) to an industrial activity.
7. To protect human health, the ecosystem and improve environmental-related enhancement of the quality of human life
8. Be conversant with basic environmental legislation.

Course Contents

The course deals with Foundational principles in environmental engineering, sources of contaminants, physics and chemistry of water, air, soil, concepts and tools for assessing sustainability, provision of environmental services such as water supply, wastewater treatment, sustainable resource management and pollution control – with perspectives on both developed and developing countries. Population, economic growth, industrialisation, urbanisation and energy as causes of environmental pollution. Application of environmental principles (technical and non-technical) to: water resource management, water and wastewater treatment, air pollution control, solid waste management, environmental impact assessment, and environmental ethics. Thermal pollution, noise pollution, greenhouse effect, acid precipitation, ozone depletion, air toxics, and ground-level ozone and fine particulates (photochemical smog). Environmental remediation, Sustainable development, life cycle analysis, and principles of environmental quality objectives, standards and guidelines. Soils as a treatment system.  

Lab Work

Determination of pH, Determination of conductivity of given water sample, Determination of Solids in Water, Determination of Turbidity of Water, Determination of Alkalinity of Water, Determination of Hardness of Water by EDTA Titrimetric Method, Determination of pH of Water, Determination of Chloride in Water, Determination of Iron and Manganese in Water, Determination of Sulphate and Sulphide in Water, Jar Test for Determining Optimum Coagulant Dosage, Determination of Dissolved Oxygen in Water, Determination of total solids and dissolved solids in water Determination of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of wastewater Sample, Determination of Available Chlorine in Bleaching Powder, Test for Residual Chlorine, Determination of chloride ion in water ,Test for Coliforms in Water, Determination of Ammonia Nitrogen, Determination of Nitrate Nitrogen , Determination of Nitrite Nitrogen , Determination of Kjeldahl Nitrogen , Determination of Fluoride in Water , Determination of Acidity of Water, Determination of COD in waste Water and water, Determination of Oil and Grease Determination of Odour,  Determination of Colour

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

1. Explain the features of open and closed recirculation water systems and their treatment

2. Outline the theories of boilers and boiler water treatment. 

3. Explain the theme of industrial wastes and their impact on the environment.

4. Describe the concept of waste recycling and dumping – costs and effectiveness.

Course Content

Open and close recirculation water systems and their treatment. Boilers and boiler water treatment. Scaling tendencies, biofilm and control.  Industrial wastes and their impact on the environment.  Handling of wastes and treatment methods, waste recycling and dumping – costs and effectiveness.

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

1. Explain the features of urban growth and development

2. Outline the theories of urban environmental management

3. Explain the concepts of environmental degradation

4. Describe the concept of environmental health, safety and community health.

8. Outline the causes, effects and measures of environmental degradation

Course Content

Urban growth and the rural-urban synergies; overcrowding and social disruption; the city as a source of environmental degradation; housing development; new management policies and strategies for urban liveability; human space, population and world resources.

1. Topographic maps

2. Theodolite

3. Prismtic compass

4. Abney level

5. Handheld Global Positioning System

6. Cross-staff Environmental Sciences

7. Lighting Tables

8. Measuring tapes

9. Plane table equipment

10. Ranging poles

11. Graduated handheld soil auger

1. Portable multi-parameter meter for water quality analyzer

2. Agient 240AA Atomic Absorption Spectrometer

3. Soil auge

4. Digital heating mantle spots

5. Volumeric flask

6. Conical/flat-bottom flask

7. Beakers

8. Funnel plastic/glass

9. Glass dish

10. Test-tubes with holder and rag

1. Workstation with Computers

2. GIS Software (Arc GIS 10.9 and ENV 5,7 saver or standalone

3. Projector

4. Interactive Screen

5. GNSS Rover System

1. Manual Weather Station with Raingauge, Stevenson’s screen, Anemometer, Wind vane, Sundial, evaporimeter, soil thermometers, temperature thermometers, Barometer, for demonstration teaching and learning. OR

2. Automated Weather Station with Computer and recordings.

The services of the administrative support staff are indispensable in the proper administration of the department. It is important to recruit very competent, computer-literate senior staff.

The department should have at least.

The services of technical support staff, which are indispensable in the proper running of laboratories and workshops, are required. It is important to recruit very competent senior technical staff to maintain teaching and research equipment. They are also to undergo regular training to keep them abreast of developments in equipment operation and maintenance.

There should be an adequate number of qualified technical staff in the various cadres listed below, with a minimum of a school certificate and National Diploma in Science Laboratory Technology or its equivalent:

1. Chief Technologist
2. Assistant Chief Technologist
3. Senior Technologist
4. Technologist I
5. Technologist II
6. There should also be an adequate number of Laboratory Assistants with a minimum of a school certificate.

Universities should leverage available technology to put in place rich databases and other electronic/digital library and information resources. In addition, well-stocked and current hard copies of reference and other textual materials should be provided centrally at the level of the faculty. A well-networked digital library should serve the entire university community. Availability of wireless facilities (Wifi) with adequate bandwidth should enhance access to these electronic resources.

In any case, there should be internet-ready workstations available in the library for at least 25% of the total students enrolled in each academic programme. The funding of the library should be in line with NUC guidelines.

The NUC recommends the following physical space requirements:

Professor’s Office – 18.50

Head of Department’s Office – 18.50

Tutorial Teaching Staff’s Office – 13.50

Other Teaching Staff Space – 7.00

Technical Staff Space – 7.00

Secretarial Space – 7.00

Research Laboratory – 16.50

Seminar Space/per student – 1.85

Laboratory Space per FTE – 7.50

Conference Room – 37.0